With almost 1.4 billion people and many crowded cities, India’s covid death rate is just 103 per million, and its neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh are at just 39 and 42. Pakistan’s health systems are in the process of integration. Traditional practices, including Ayurveda, are recognized by the central and provincial governments. Seventy to eighty percent of Pakistanis receive some form of natural medicine. Besides rural traditional healers, Pakistan has tens of thousands of professionally trained Unani practitioners.
The Unani system was developed by Hippocrates in Greece and Galen in the Roman Empire and was strengthened by numerous Arabic physicians. Dr. Abu Al-Zahrawi of Morocco was an inventor of surgical instruments who lived at the turn of the Second Millennium A.D. in the Islamic Golden Age. One of his Unani contemporaries was Dr. Abu Ali Ibn Sina, a Persian born in present-day Uzbekistan. Dr. Ibn Sina wrote al Qanun fil Tibb, The Canon of Medicine, a five-volume medical encyclopedia that served as a standard textbook for centuries. In al Qanun’s fifth volume, Dr. Ibn Sina compiled a pharmacopeia of 650 medicinal compounds. He also studied and wrote about every other area of science, linking them into an overall framework of philosophy and metaphysics. He was a Renaissance man 500 years before the rekindling of inquiry and creativity in Europe. He wrote, “There are no incurable diseases—only the lack of will. There are no worthless herbs—only the lack of knowledge.”
Unani itself has integrated traditions from Egypt, China, and India, as well as Greece and Mesopotamia. Like other naturopathic practices, Unani is a holistic system. Beyond treating the focus of disease, practitioners evaluate the condition of the whole person. They locate imbalances within physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual levels and give care to restore the person to harmony. Practitioners also consider the individual in relation to his or her environment and community. Presently, Unani is practiced predominately in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa.
Traditional German herbal medicine has deep historical roots in the Germanic culture. Just as Unani physicians understand their study of empirical medical science within a holistic worldview inspired by Islam, Chinese medicine by Taoism, and Ayurveda by the earliest Hindu texts, German herbal medicine co‑developed with Christianity. Hildegard of Bingen, a 12th‑Century nun, wrote nine books on holistic medicine—together entitled Physica, containing 2,000 therapeutic remedies and another synonym for qi: viriditas, the life force. Hildegard based her inquiries on existing medical texts and the heritage of monastic medicine – Klosterheilkunde, but acquired knowledge principally through her own original experiments. Hildegard wrote about numerous other subjects, and evangelized the public with her spiritual insights. She was canonized as a Saint and Doctor of the Church by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012. Monastics nurtured Hildegard’s teachings through the centuries and were instrumental in keeping herbal medicine alive in Europe. The Klosterheilkunde legacy lives on to the present, as physicians in Germany and some other European countries routinely prescribe herbal drugs covered by insurance. Germany allows herbs to be sold with the intent of preventing, treating, or curing disease.
Is there any scientific backing of European plant-based medicine? Sure there is, just as happens when every other evidence-based traditional medical system of the world is put to test with the latest methods. A 2017 French experiment examined what would happen if traditional European herbs were combined into formulas to fight pathogens. Against bacteria and viruses, biochemists tested an essential oil blend of Cinnamomum zeylanicum – cinnamon, Daucus carota – wild carrot or Queen Anne’s lace seed, Eucalyptus globulus – eucalyptus, and Rosmarinus officinalis – rosemary leaf. Against candida fungi, they tested Origanum vulgare – oregano, Syzygium aromaticum – cloves, cinnamon, and wild carrot. These formulas showed significant killing activity against all bacteria, viruses, and pathogenic fungi tested. The antiviral blend, in 1 percent solution, killed more than 99 percent of H1N1 influenza within 1 hour.
The German government set up a commission in 1978 to systematize the established scientific knowledge of the therapeutic indications of medicinal plants. They classified 380 herbs. Their work is being continued by the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy—ESCOP, which has published books with monographs about 108 medicinal plants and counting. These monographs are recognized by the European Medicines Agency of the EU.
Can we learn to trust the herbal teachers? A research team set out to test whether Hildegard was right. Using only the monographs from the German commission and ESCOP as references, they verified 30 correct herbal indications given by Hildegard. This work was limited by the fact that the monographs often only list one indication per herb, whereas current and future research may corroborate additional uses. Even though they were only able to verify a small number of her claims, the researchers found that the chance that Hildegard just happened to guess right was below .00001 percent. The best of these archaic scientists knew what they were talking about after all. The great ones didn’t just work for the people in their own times, to later be relegated to the dusty corners of libraries; they meant for their contributions to serve Us.
Considering the world as a whole, most people do welcome natural health practices into their lives. These are often referred to in statistics as “complementary” medicine, a term that simply means any health practice that falls outside of the Western convention. These statistics exclude people who take only vitamins or mineral pills, without herbs. Major natural health practices include chiropractic care, acupuncture, naturopathy, herbal medicine, tai chi, yoga, and meditation. In Asia and Africa, which house 76 percent of the world’s people, 80 to 90 percent of the population engages in some form of natural healthcare. In Australia, it’s 66 percent.
The Soviet Union banned any alternatives to their institutionalized medical system between 1923 and 1977. Practitioners still continued in secret, particularly in rural areas, though they faced persecution. Use of natural medicine increased greatly in the post-Soviet era, but still faces government interference. In Ukraine, naturopathic practitioners are prohibited from treating infectious diseases and other major conditions.
In the United States, about 33 percent of people engage in natural health methods. More than half of all Americans take vitamins, and about three-fourths take dietary supplements when the entire category is considered. Product quality is therefore a topic of consumer interest. Supplements manufactured in the United States are required to test for microbes and metals, but not for bleach and other substances. Supplements sold in the U.S. do not have to disclose the source of origin of the raw plant materials. Ms. Taylor has seen rainforest herbs be cleaned with bleach or irradiation. “Irradiation can significantly alter the phytochemical profile of the product,” she said. Ms. Taylor emphasized the importance for manufacturers to fully know how their products are harvested, processed, and cleaned.
The U.S. FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research tests supplements for hidden ingredients, a responsible part of the agency’s oversight function. An analysis of an FDA database over one decade found 776 products tainted with pharmaceutical drugs. However, 98 percent of these products in the broad legal umbrella of “dietary supplements” came from three distinct marketing categories that have nothing to do with vitamins or herbs. Reputable vitamin and supplement manufacturers employ rigorous testing to ensure that the supplements contain what they say on the label and nothing else. Many companies test samples of the raw herb as well as the finished products. On-site laboratories use sophisticated technologies such as high-performance chromatography and mass spectroscopy.
Research efforts are underway to futurize testing. The Natural Health Products Research Alliance, based at the University of Guelph in Ontario, is compiling a DNA reference library of botanical ingredients for precise authentication of product quality. The Alliance also aims to identify plant genomic signatures for metabolic markers of human health.
People have been living in North America for at least 30,000 years. Before the United States began institutionally stifling natural medicine in the interest of money, the federal government stifled Native American traditional medicine in the interest of destroying culture. Towards the end of the Indian Wars, in which Native Americans fought valiantly to preserve their freedom, village communities, land, and way of life, most tribal nations had been confined to reservations. In 1883, the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs banned tribal traditional medicine and healing practices as part of its broader effort to stamp out Native symbols, language, religion, and traditions. Native Americans were forced to take these traditions into hiding for a half century until these “laws” were overwritten in 1934. Canada also persecuted First Nations people. The 1885 and 1895 amendments to the Indian Act, which forbade religious traditions and cultural symbols, were not repealed until 1951. What was all of this oppression really about? State power forced everyone to adhere to all aspects of the established dominant culture in order to bring the people under control. Does any of this sound familiar?
Native American medicine, as uniquely manifested by the more than 1,000 tribal nations in the U.S., has ministered to the physical, mental, and spiritual health of people for thousands of years. At least 2,800 different plants have contributed. One revered traditional plant with scientific backing is elderberry. The adaptogenic properties of this vivaciously growing shrub have long served human beings, and the extract from blue or black elderberries remains one of the most widely used natural cold remedies in the 21st Century. The several species of Sambucus are found on every continent except Antarctica. Elderberry is high in Vitamin C, Vitamin A, rutin, tannins, and other polyphenols, and recent clinical trials have demonstrated that it reduces upper respiratory symptoms.
The Association of American Indian Physicians has advocated for more integration between traditional and conventional medicine in Native American communities. “Currently, TIM [Traditional American-Indian Medicine] holds a place of high respect among Tribes across the United States. Most of the nation’s nearly six million Indians, both on and off reservations, consult traditional healers for their health problems,” Dr. Walter Hallow wrote. Every culture on every continent, from the Aborigines of Australia to the Celts of Ireland has its own unique system of medicine with one paniform trait: they all harness the healing power of plants.